From the late 16th century onwards, fundamental changes and transformations occurred in the administrative, economic, and social structure of the Ottoman Empire. These changes and transformations reached crisis levels at times throughout the 17th century. Indeed, these developments were observed by the Ottoman intellectuals of the period and were evaluated in the most general sense as “nizâm-ı âleme ihtilâl ve reâyâ ve berâyâya infial gelmesi,” meaning disorder and corruption. In this respect, these developments, which mark a turning point in Ottoman history, have naturally become one of the areas most focused on by contemporary historical research. However, with some exceptions, it can be said that the majority of these studies have mostly examined these developments within their own framework. In the book at hand, these developments are examined for the first time in a comparative manner based on the Spanish Empire. The book reveals that the two empires went through a surprisingly similar historical process in terms of the time period in which these developments emerged, the causes that led to them and the consequences they produced, the ways in which central governments addressed these developments, and the methods of resolution they employed to overcome them.