The relationship between kalam and philosophy has been shaped throughout history by the struggle between these two disciplines and the revealing of each other's shortcomings. Studies on classical texts, in particular, constitute the field where this struggle is most intense. Works such as Tahāfut al-Falāsifa, al-Ishārāt wa-t-Tanbīhāt, and Tajrīd al-ʿAqāʾid form the focal point of the studies conducted in this field.